Why use referencing?
Referencing
is used to acknowledge other people’s work used to create your own work. This
can include such things as an idea, exact words, artwork, a diagram, an image
or a table that is used in a piece of writing or non-written text. Referencing
shows respect for other people’s intellectual rights and avoids plagiarism. It also
enables the reader to follow up on the work of other authors and creators referred
to in the piece of work.
What system of referencing should be used?
There are
a number of referencing styles available for use. Different
institutions/publishers use their own style and/or variation of a referencing
system, so slight differences may be observed. Detailed descriptions of these systems
are generally made available via the institution/publisher’s website. Some
examples of these sites are listed at the end of this document.
The
purpose of all referencing systems is to acknowledge the work of others and to
enable readers/viewers to find the referenced material. Referencing of new
source types, such as emerging technologies, use the same basic principles and are
consistent with the referencing style being used.
It is
easier for students and teachers if a school adopts and teaches a consistent referencing
system. The examples of referencing used in this guide are based on the Harvard
referencing system, also known as the Author–Date system.
What if students
already use a different system of referencing?
Examples
included here are intended as a guide only. Other approaches to referencing
might already be in place in some schools. They are also appropriate to use.
The main
advice is that the style should remain consistent throughout a piece of work.
Referencing style
Referencing
style can require three types of acknowledgment:
1) In-text
acknowledgement (see Part A below)
a) When quoting
another’s words, the indentation of text (for sentences, see Part A, 1) or use of
quotation marks (for a phrase, line, or two, see Part A, 2) as well as brief
reference
b) To identify
another’s ideas, words, artwork, diagrams, images or tables, brief reference (author,
date, page number/s) immediately following the text (see Part A, 3)
2) Footnotes and
endnotes (see Part B below)
Footnotes and endnotes are easy to use and do
not break the flow of text. They are
used in literature, history, and the arts where source materials may have
lengthy reference information.
Generally, footnotes are used for a small number of citations and
endnotes for large numbers or lengthy endnotes. Consecutive superscript numbers
are placed in the text and corresponding footnotes are located at the bottom of
the same page as the text to which they refer.
End notes are placed at the end of a chapter or the end of the complete
piece of work.
3) Reference
list and/or bibliography (see Part C below)
Place at the end of your work. It should contain
full source details. Use the detailed guidelines in Part D to assist in
creating the list.
Referencing and
word count
Refer to
the SACE Word-count Policy.
The word count includes headings, direct quotations, and footnotes that are used as
explanatory notes. The word count does not include the title/question page, the
contents page, the reference list or bibliography (including footnotes or
in-text references that are used to list author, date, and page numbers), and
appendices. A reference list or bibliography that is required for an assessment
task is not included in the word-count, but will be assessed for accuracy and
consistency.
How to reference new types of sources
Reference
new source types (e.g. web-references, blogs, Twitter) using the same
principles you would use to reference the more traditional materials.
This
guide sets out the basic principles of referencing and gives a variety of
examples. However, if your particular reference still doesn’t match any of the
examples given here, follow the basic principles and format as for more traditional
types using this guide.
Sections following in these guidelines
Part A –
In-text acknowledgement
Part B –
Footnotes and endnotes
Part C –
Reference List and/or Bibliography
Part D –
Examples of citing various types of sources
Part E –
Acknowledging the use of AI
Part A In-text acknowledgment
When quoting
in running text, always include:
·
author
·
date
·
page
number or location reference where specific text is referred to.
1. How to quote sentences from another author
Note: You must keep this to a minimum to
ensure that what you submit for assessment is your own work. This is used in cases of 30 words or more.
Set out the quotation in a separate block
of text, by:
· Indenting from the margin
·
|
using a smaller font size or italicising the
text.
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Example
At the time of
the European colonisation the Australian landscape was portrayed as untouched
wilderness. In fact, Indigenous Australians were using various techniques,
particularly fire, to manage the land:
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… the
explorers were not pushing out into wilderness, they were trekking through
country that had been in human occupation for hundreds of generations. It was
land that had been skilfully managed and shaped by continuous and creative use
of fire. (Reynolds 2000, p.20)
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2. How to quote a few words from an author
Include the words in the normal setting of
the sentence. This is used in cases of
less than 30 words.
Example
|
Reynolds (2000) argues that the Australian
landscape was ‘skilfully managed and shaped’ (p. 20) by Aboriginal people
through the use of fire.
|
3. How to
acknowledge another author’s ideas without quoting their exact words
When
paraphrasing another person’s words — putting them into your own words — you
must still acknowledge your source because you are referring to someone else’s
ideas or claims.
When referring to an idea or works that are
not your own, you must back up your claim with documentary evidence.
Example
|
|
More recent studies, including
those by Ward and Foot (1999, p.6), note increasing dissatisfaction with how
the taxation system handles superannuation.
PART B Footnotes and endnotes
Example
|
When referencing a source for the first time the footnote
or endnote should be a full citation, including:
- Author’s
first name, then surname, title of article, book etc.(in italics), editors
where applicable, publisher name and location, and year published - exact page numbers
should be given if the reference is a direct quotation, a paraphrase, an
idea, an image, chart, graphic or visual support direct from the source
For subsequent
references, include:
- author’s
surname - exact page
numbers
Latin abbreviations can be used to simplify
subsequent references
- op.cit.,
meaning ‘in the work cited’ can be used with the author’s name and page
number where a full citation has already been given. - Ibid.,
meaning ‘in the same place’ can be used when the citation is the same as
the previous one, with page numbers included if these are different.
1.
Howard
Zinn, A People’s History of the
United States: 1492 – Present (New York: Harper Collins Publishers,
2005), 2
2.
ibid.,
16
3.
ibid.,
24
1.
Howard
Zinn, A People’s History of the
United States: 1492 – Present (New York: Harper Collins Publishers,
2005), 2
2.
Robert
Geise, American History to 1877 (New
York: Barron’s Educational Services, 1992), 4
3.
Zinn,
op.cit., 14
Part C Reference List and/or Bibliography
1. 2. 3.
|
1. 2. 3.
|
A
reference list is a full list of all publications referred to in the work. It
is placed at the end. A bibliography differs in that it also includes
publications that are not specifically referred to in the work. It is also
placed at the end.
Order of elements of a citation (i.e. a reference
to a source)
- Author and Date (The Harvard or Author-Date style
of referencing). - The details of the
citation should be organised in the order shown in the table below. Include
only what is appropriate for your source type. - The basic elements to
use are shown in bold in the
table below. When organising your citation look for the basic elements
first and then use them in the order shown in the table. - Finally clarify your
citation with the other elements if they apply to your source.
1. |
2. |
3. |
4. |
5. |
6. |
7. |
8. |
9. |
10. |
11. |
12. |
13. |
Punctuation
Referencing guides often use slightly
different punctuation. You should use the same punctuation style consistently
throughout your work.
A style that is simple to follow and
widely used in Australia is that described in the Style manual for authors,
editors and printers (2002), in which the elements are divided by a comma
and finished with a full stop.
Order
of citations
Order the list alphabetically by the first
word or words of the entry, ignoring definite and indefinite articles (a, an,
the).
Part D Examples of citing various types of sources
Type | How | How | Comments | |
BOOKS |
|
|
| |
Book | (Clark & Cook 1983) | Clark, IF & Cook, BJ (eds), 1983, | No author appears on | |
Book etc., with four or more authors | (Henkin et al. 2006) | Henkin, RE, Bova, D, Dillehay, GL, | ‘Et al.’ is short for et alia, meaning ‘and others’. | |
Book chapter | (Kanengoni 1997) | Kanengoni, A 1997, ‘Effortless | · · ·
| |
Book with government author | (SA. DEH 2007) or (and this will require cross-reference in References) (No Species loss, 2007)
(SA. DENR 1995) | South Australia. Department for South Australia. Department of | · · · · · · Sometimes the publisher organisation
| |
Encyclopaedias and | If there is no author include the … (Encyclopaedia Otherwise, treat as a newspaper | Brown.J (ed) 2006, Encyclopaedia of Bicycles, vols 3-5, | Include: · · ·
| |
JOURNALS |
|
|
| |
Journal article | Norton et al. (2001) discuss … | Norton, K, Dollman, J, Klanarong, S | Where there are four · ·
| |
Journal article that can | Abel (2001) presents … | Abel, EL 2001, ‘The gin | Check that | |
Newspaper article | Oaten (2002) describes how to … | Oaten, C 2002, ‘Open your house to the sun’, The Advertiser, 6 September, p. 31. | · · · | |
AUDIO-VISUAL SOURCES |
|
|
| |
Television program, broadcast | A Lateline episode (ABC | ABC 2012, Lateline, television program, ABC, 7 December.
| Include title of program, date watched/listened and, if available: · · · · | |
Film / DVD | In the film Escape to Grizzly Mountain (Dalesandro 1999) … | Dalesandro, A (dir) 1999, Escape to Grizzly Mountain, motion picture, 20th
| Include: · special credit to director
| |
ELECTRONIC |
|
|
| |
Website | Rainfall and Temperature records show … | Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, Rainfall and Temperature Records, accessed
| Include: · · · ·
| |
Website: article | Higher temperatures and melting | Food and Agriculture
|
| |
Website: Television
| … (Four
| Four <http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/specialeds/20050209,
| Include also: · · · ·
| |
Website: | Japan came under attack again … (‘Japan under fire …’, | ‘Japan under fire for whaling’, 2007, NineMSN News, 18 | Include | |
YouTube video | Rider’s Urban Sprawl YouTube
Rider (2009) shows how …
| Rider, | Include: · · · · The | |
Podcast | Include information in parentheses: … (Bun 2008) Or work it Bun (2008) reports on … | Bun, M 2008, ‘Rising sea levels’, presented by | · The word ‘website’ is not included because the | |
Email | In an email letter to the writer 6 May or The Mayor of the City of XXX (email message to writer, 15 | Climp.F
| Include: · · · If | |
Blog | (Barry 2010) | Barry, G 2010, ‘Earth meanders: Resisting global ecological change’, Climate Ark, 5 January 2010, viewed 29 | Include: · · · · · · If paraphrasing or direct quotation use as for | |
Social Networking Sites | In-text In a Twitter post on January 12, 2013, Legg (@JLegg) wrote, ’Present government Foot James Legg, January 12, 2013, 12.16 p.m., Twitter post, | James Legg January 12, 2013, 12.16 p.m., Twitter post, | Include: · · · ·
| |
Phone Applications | Include information in parentheses: ..(Skyscape 2013) | Skyscape 2013, Skyscape Medical Resources (Version 1.17.42) |
| |
Text Generative AI (such as ChatGPT) | Include the reference in parentheses: … (Open AI, 2023)… Or work it into the text: ChatGPT named four films that were influenced by | Open AI (2023) “Which films have been influenced by Shakespeare’s | Include: · · · · If you | |
Image Generative AI (such as Dall-E) | Include the reference and prompt in parentheses in …(Open AI, “Dog riding a skateboard”, 2023)… Or work it into the text: I started with a reference image using Dall-E | Open AI (2023) “Dog riding a skateboard” Dall-E (May 8, 2023) <http://labs.openai.com> | Include: · · · · If you need to reference multiple prompts add a letter of | |
OTHER |
|
|
| |
Interviews (unpublished) | Weave I interviewed Jay Smith in March this year, and asked him In an interview conducted on 3 March 2008, Mr J. Smith I’ll call him David. That’s not his real
| Smith, J 2008, Interview with a homeless person, 2008, by [your name], | If listing in references: · · | |
Personal (e.g. See Interviews (unpublished) | In a survey communicated by email on 10 July or In a telephone conversation on 10 July 2011,
| Jones, Jones, P (2011), survey prepared by [your name] on… | If listing in references: · · obtain permission from the person completing the survey
| |
Paintings, sculptures, photographs, other | Include information in parentheses: … (Pollock Blue poles, 1952, National Or work it into the text: Controversial at the time it was purchased, Pollock’s
| Artworks and Live performances that cannot be Images of recoverable artworks should reference
| Include: · · · | |
Live performances (theatre, music, dance) | Include information in parentheses: … (Much ado about nothing,
| Bell, J (dir.) 2011, Much |
| |
Poetry (classic) | Poetry lines: [author first name / lastname] [Poem title], Or work it Tennyson’s hero is unlike Homer’s; he has | James, K 1997, | If you quote from the introduction or notes, you should
| |
Maps | (Mason 1832) | Mason, J 1832, Map | If the cartographer is unknown: · · · · · |
Part E Acknowledging
the use of AI
When using generative AI in your work, you
should include an acknowledgement which lets the reader know which tools you
used and which prompts you entered. This is particularly important if you have
used AI tools in your work but not directly in a way that would require
referencing.
When referencing AI tools you should:
- Provide
the detail of which technology was used - List the
prompts that you have used and the date - What you
did with the output of the prompts.
For example:
In my essay, I used Open AI’s ChatGPT (http://chat.openai.com/) to begin my search.
The prompts I used were:
- What
are the main themes of Hamlet (May 3, 2023) - Who are
the main characters in Hamlet (May 3, 2023)
- Which
films have been influenced by Shakespeare’s Hamlet (May 8, 2023) - What connections
are there between The Lion King and Hamlet (May 8, 2023)
These prompts were used to make a list of ideas
that I then refined to use for my essay.
References on which this advice is based
Chicago manual of style, 2003, 15th edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Style manual for authors, editors and
printers, 2002, 6th edn, revised by Snooks & Co., John Wiley
& Sons Australia, Milton, Qld.
Turabian, KL 2005, A manual for writers
of research papers, theses, and dissertations: Chicago style for students and
researchers, 7th edn, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Monash University: Learn HQ, Acknowledging the use of generative artificial
intelligence <https://www.monash.edu/learnhq/build-digital-capabilities/create-online/acknowledging-the-use-of-generative-artificial-intelligence>
For more information
Most universities and libraries offer
information on Harvard Referencing on their websites. These are updated from
time to time. The websites listed below offer useful guides.
When accessing these guides, remember that
individual institutions adopt slight variations in their own ‘house style’, and
one might be slightly different to the next, particularly in punctuation. It is
more important to use one style consistently in your document, following the principles outlined in this guide (which
appear in all guides), than slavishly trying to follow the details of different
style guides.
- Learning
Connection, 2007, Referencing using
the Harvard Author-Date System, (revd), University of South Australia,
accessed 11 January 2010, http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-referencing.pdf.
- Library and Learning Development, 2007, University of Wollongong Author-Date
(Harvard) Referencing Guide, University of Wollongong, accessed
11 January 2010, http://130.130.51.4/referencing/about.html. - Division
of Teaching and Learning Services, 2007, Central Queensland University, Harvard (author-date) referencing guide,
accessed 29 December 2011, http://www.intec.edu.do/pdf/HARVARD/harvardguide%5b2%5d.pdf,. - Griffith
University Referencing Tool, nd., accessed 22 May 2014, <https://app.secure.griffith.edu.au/reference_tool/index-core.php>
Further advice on footnotes and endnotes is
given in various places on the internet, including:
a.
The
Department of Modern History at Macquarie University,
http://www.modhist.mq.edu.au/documents/2007ReferencingHistEssay.pdf
b.
University
of South Australia, http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html
c.
New South
Wales Board of Studies ‘All My Own Work’ program http://amow.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au
* This document was revised in June 2023